Skin and Haircoat

The general appearance of the hair coat is seen on initial observational examination, then in mored detail as the exam progresses. The coat is observed for cleanliness and thickness. Note any areas of alopecia, and associated skin abnormalities. Examine the skin of the abdomen for hickness and for pathology such as pustules and papules.

The body surface can be palpated for skin or subcutaneous masses or other abnormalities by running both hands over the entire body. This is especially important in long‑haired animals in which the skin cannot be visualized.

Examine for evidence of alopecia (hair loss): depending on the location, pattern, and appearance of alopecia, you might be suspicious of primary dermatological diseases, metabolic diseases such as endocrine disorders, or other conditions.

Look for external parasites.  Evidence of fleas can be found by examining around the tail head for flea dirt or by self‑abrasions. Pruritus may be observed on examination.

The nails, nail beds, and footpads are examined on each foot for color, symmetry, erosions and masses. Check between the toes of all four feet for masses or foreign bodies. Note any discoloration of the fur on the feet, which may indicate excessive licking.

Hydration can be assessed by tenting the skin in the interscapular area.  If the skin does not immediately spring back to the original position, the animal may be assessed as dehydrated.  This test is insensitive and the skin tent may be abnormally prolonged in animals that have lost a significant amount of body fat.