7.1 What is Human Resources?
Human resource (HR) management is the process of hiring, developing, motivating, and evaluating employees to achieve organizational goals. The goals and strategies of the firm’s business model form the basis for making human resource management decisions. HR practices and systems comprise the firm’s human resource decision support system that is intended to make employees a key element for gaining competitive advantage. To this end, the HR management process contains the following sequenced activities:
- Job analysis and design
- Human resource planning and forecasting
- Employee recruitment
- Employee selection
- Training and development
- Performance planning and evaluation
- Compensation and benefits
The human resource management process encourages the development of high-performance employees. The process is sequential because employees can’t be trained and paid until selected and placed in jobs, which follows recruitment, which is preceded by human resource planning and job analysis and design. Good HR practices used along this sequence foster performance improvement, knowledge and skill development, and loyal employees who desire to remain with the organization.
HR Planning and Job Analysis and Design
Two important, and somewhat parallel, aspects of the human resource management process are determining employee needs of the firm and the jobs to be filled. When Alcon Labs gained approval from the Food and Drug Administration for sales of a new contact lens disinfectant solution in its Opti-Free product line, it had to determine if additional sales representatives were needed and whether new sales positions with different knowledge and skill requirements should be established.1 Human resource planning at Alcon means having the right number of people, with the right training, in the right jobs, to meet its sales goals for the new product. Once the need for sales representatives is determined, human resource specialists assess the skills of the firm’s existing employees to see whether new people must be hired or current people can be trained. See Figure 7.2: “Human Resource Management Process” for a representation of the human resource management process.
Human resource planners must know what skills different jobs require. Information about a specific job typically begins with a job analysis, which is a study of the tasks required to do a job well. This information is used to specify the essential skills, knowledge, and abilities required for the job. When Hubert Joly started as the CEO at Best Buy, the retailer was facing serious financial pressures. The threat of online competition from Amazon was real. Joly was also facing a staffing issue with a lot of turnover. He and his team instituted a plan to keep and promote staff as a core competency that would differentiate Best Buy from online retailers.2 Also, a key HR responsibility is that jobs are examined to make any changes in job duty and task responsibilities. The tasks and responsibilities of a job are listed in a job description. The skills, knowledge, and abilities a person must have to fill a job are spelled out in a job specification. These two documents help human resource planners find the right people for specific jobs. A sample job description and specification is shown in Table 7.1.
HR Planning and Forecasting
Forecasting an organization’s human resource needs, known as an HR demand forecast, is an essential aspect of HR planning. This process involves two forecasts: (1) determining the number of people needed by some future time (in one year, for example) and (2) estimating the number of people currently employed by the organization who will be available to fill various jobs at some future time; this is an internal supply forecast.
| Job Description and Specification | |
|---|---|
| Position: College Recruiter
Reports to: Vice President of Human Resources |
Location: Corporate Offices Resources Classification: Salaried/Exempt |
| Job Summary: | |
| Member of HR corporate team. Interacts with managers and department heads to determine hiring needs for college graduates. Visits 20 to 30 college and university campuses each year to conduct preliminary interviews of graduating students in all academic disciplines. Following initial interviews, works with corporate staffing specialists to determine persons who will be interviewed a second time. Makes recommendations to hiring managers concerning best-qualified applicants. | |
| Job Duties and Responsibilities: | |
| Estimated time spent and importance: | |
| 15% | Working with managers and department heads, determining college recruiting needs. |
| 10% | Determines colleges and universities with degree programs appropriate to hiring needs to be visited. |
| 15% | Performs college relations activities with numerous colleges and universities. |
| 25% | Visits campuses to conduct interviews with graduating seniors. |
| 15% | Develops applicant files and performs initial applicant evaluations. |
| 10% | Assists staffing specialists and line managers in determining who to schedule for second interviews. |
| 5% | Prepares annual college recruiting report containing information and data about campuses, number interviewed, number hired, and related information. |
| 5% | Participates in tracking college graduates who are hired to aid in determining campuses that provide the most outstanding employees. |
| Job Specification (Qualifications): | |
| Bachelor’s degree in human resource management or a related field. Minimum of two years of work experience in HR or department that annually hires college graduates. Ability to perform in a team environment, especially with line managers and department heads. Very effective oral and written communication skills. Reasonably proficient in Excel, Word, and Windows computer environment and familiar with PeopleSoft software. |
The Advancement Planning process at Best Buy involved reducing the turnover that occurs in most retail environments. The company has achieved a second-place ranking, behind only Costco, and its general managers’ tenure at a store averages five years. The performance of managers at Best Buy is reviewed to identify people who can fill vacancies and be promoted, a process known as succession planning.3 If Best Buy has a temporary shortage of sales professionals, during the holiday shopping season, for example, they can hire an experienced contractor or interim executive as a temporary or contingent worker, someone who wants to work but not on a permanent, continuous basis. Figure 7.3: “Human Resource Planning Process” summarizes the process of planning and forecasting an organization’s personnel needs.
CONCEPT CHECK
- Define human resource management.
- Distinguish between job analysis, job description, and job specification.
- Describe the human resource management process.